Linux-USB Gadget API Framework Linux-USB Gadget API Framework Last Modified: 8 June 2005 The API makes it easy for peripherals and other devices embedding GNU/Linux system software to act in the USB 'device' (slave) role. The drivers implementing and using that API combine to make a useful driver framework for Linux systems that implement USB peripherals.

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Many Linux systems will not be able to use it, since they only have PC-style USB Host (master) hardware in a PC, workstation, or server. But when you're putting together embedded Linux systems, a USB peripheral controller option is routine; it's often integrated into processors.

Smart gadgets like PDAs, printers, cell phones, cash registers, and network routers often rely on this type of 'Device Controller' USB link as one of their basic connectivity options. Sometimes it will be the only option; there are Linux devices that rely on USB even for their power supplies. This is the first such 'USB Gadget' framework on GNU/Linux to support high speed (USB 2.0) devices and arbitrary numbers of endpoints, sharing core models and data structures with the 'host side' USB API. It's designed for flexibility: the API handles simple devices, composite (multi-function) ones, multiple configurations, class (or vendor) specific functionality, and more. It a good base for integrating and re-using this type of driver code. Tests are available too, which can speed hardware bringup substantially. Many developers have asked about easy ways to start working with this API.

If you're comfortable working with embedded Linux platforms, many ARM systems already have Linux support for their integrated USB controllers. Otherwise, a lets you work on a standard PC, developing or debugging gadget drivers on computers you may already own. Getting the Code The API and several supporting drivers are included in current 2.4 and 2.6 Linux kernels, available through as tarballs, or from vendors supporting customized Linux distributions. The trees are no longer current, but the 'mm' patchsets or various other GIT trees may well have more current code than the current mainstream kernel.

There may be other public trees with controller or gadget drivers too. The website includes pointers to a number of these; a USB network link can be extremely useful. Kernel trees that support specific System-on-Chip platforms often include a driver for that platform's USB Peripheral Controller.

The 'gadget' framework is available in 2.6 kernels, as well as 2.4.23 and later. (2.4.27 is the first 2.4 kernel to bundle RNDIS support, and some other framework improvements.) At this writing, other than architecture- or board-specific setup, and the header files, all the gadget code is in the drivers/usb/gadget directory. It's easy to backport current 2.4 gadget code (e.g. 2.4.31) onto older 2.4 kernels. Most new development is based on 2.6 kernels; differences relevant to 2.4 based development are minor, mostly limited to kernel configuration and the 2.6 kernel's 'generic DMA' and 'driver model' infrastructure. Some 2.4 vendor kernels already include some of that code, making 2.6 backports even easier. Parts of the Framework The API standardizes a platform-neutral boundary between two software layers, but the software stack usually has several higher layers.

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The framework includes that API, some support software, and several drivers on each side of that API boundary, integrating well with other Linux subsystems. From the bottom up, those layers are: • Peripheral Controller Drivers implement the gadget API, and are the only layers that talk directly to hardware. Different controller hardware will need different drivers, which may also need board-specific customization.

These provide a software 'gadget' device, visible in sysfs. You can think of that device as being the virtual hardware to which the higher level drivers are written. Other operating systems use other names for this component, perhaps labeling the API plus its libraries as a 'Platform Independent Layer' and its implementation as a 'Platform Specific Layer'. • Gadget Drivers use that gadget API, and can often be written to be hardware-neutral. Certain hardware facts need to affect the implementation of configuration management parts of ep0 logic.